By Nancy J. Tarbell, MD FASTRO – Director of Health and Wellness
Exercise is frequently touted as a vital component of a healthy lifestyle, and its benefits extend beyond physical fitness. Research suggests that regular physical activity can reduce the risk of certain types of cancer. However, it’s essential to examine the evidence critically and understand the nuances of this relationship.
Types of Cancer Affected by Exercise
Numerous studies have explored the connection between exercise and cancer risk, with varying degrees of certainty across different types of cancer. For instance, Dr. Jennifer Ligibel, senior physician in the Breast Oncology Center at Dana-Farber Cancer Institute in Boston, notes there is strong evidence to suggest that regular exercise may lower the risk of breast and colon cancers. Other cancers, such as bladder, endometrial, esophageal, kidney, and gastric cancers, also show promising associations with physical activity, albeit with moderate strength evidence.
Uncertainties and Complexity
Despite the encouraging findings, it’s important to acknowledge the complexity of the relationship between exercise and cancer risk. The data primarily relies on observational studies, which have limitations in establishing causality. Factors such as the type and intensity of exercise and individual characteristics may influence the outcomes.
Examining the Evidence
A recent study published in Cancer Cell sheds light on the impact of exercise on cancer incidence. The study, which analyzed data from the Prostate, Lung, Colorectal and Ovarian Cancer Screening Trial, revealed lower risks for certain cancers among individuals who engaged in vigorous exercise. However, the findings also highlighted discrepancies, with some cancers showing no significant connection to exercise.
Quantifying the Benefits
While the exact magnitude of exercise’s protective effect on cancer risk remains a topic of debate, research suggests that even modest levels of physical activity can confer benefits. According to a systematic review by the Physical Activity Guidelines Advisory Committee, individuals with higher physical activity levels may experience a 10%- 20% lower risk of developing certain cancers than sedentary individuals.
Optimizing Exercise for Cancer Prevention
Determining the optimal exercise “dose” for cancer risk reduction poses a challenge. Current recommendations advocate for at least 150 minutes of moderate-intensity aerobic exercise per week, supplemented by strength training. However, the ideal type and exercise intensity for cancer prevention warrants further investigation.
Mechanisms of Action
The mechanisms underlying exercise’s protective effect on cancer risk are multifaceted and not yet fully understood. Studies suggest exercise may influence tumor growth and immune function, thereby mitigating cancer development. The association between exercise and lower cancer risk persists even after accounting for confounding factors such as body weight.
Practical Considerations
Encouraging individuals to adopt and maintain a physically active lifestyle is paramount. While guidelines provide general recommendations, it’s essential to tailor exercise prescriptions to individual preferences and capabilities. Emphasizing enjoyable and sustainable activities can facilitate adherence to exercise regimens.
Exercise holds promise as a modifiable factor in reducing the risk of certain cancers. While the evidence is not definitive, incorporating regular physical activity into daily routines can contribute to overall health and well-being. Inspire Exercise Medicine’s Director of Health and Wellness Dr. Nacy Tarbell notes that “as medical professionals, we advocate for an active lifestyle as part of a comprehensive approach to cancer treatment and prevention. We at IEM believe in the importance of strength training. Our small class size and individualized program also helps keep the joy in exercise as medicine.”
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Sources:
https://www.medscape.com/viewarticle/does-exercise-reduce-
cancer-risk-its-just-not-simple-2024a10004g0?form=fpf