Southwest Florida's Health and Wellness Magazine Health and Wellness Articles
By Richard J. Capiola, MD
According to the Alzheimer’s Association, up to 40 percent of people with Alzheimer’s disease suffer from significant depression.
Identifying depression in someone with Alzheimer’s can be difficult since dementia can cause some of the same symptoms. Examples of symptoms common to both depression and dementia include:
• Apathy
• Loss of interest in activities and hobbies
• Social withdrawal
• Isolation
• Trouble concentrating
• Impaired thinking
In addition, the cognitive impairment experienced by people with Alzheimer’s often makes it difficult for them to articulate their sadness, hopelessness, guilt, and other feelings associated with depression.
Depression in Alzheimer’s doesn’t always look like depression in people without Alzheimer’s. Here are some ways that depression in a person with Alzheimer’s may be different:
• May be less severe
• May not last as long and symptoms may come and go
• The person with Alzheimer’s may be less likely to talk about or attempt suicide
As a caregiver, if you see signs of depression, discuss them with the primary doctor of the person with dementia. Proper diagnosis and treatment can improve sense of well-being and function.
Diagnosing depression with Alzheimer’s disease
There is no single test or questionnaire to detect depression. Diagnosis requires a thorough evaluation by a medical professional, especially since side effects of medications and some medical conditions can produce similar symptoms.
Because of the complexities involved in diagnosing depression in someone with Alzheimer’s, it may be helpful to consult a geriatric psychiatrist who specializes in recognizing and treating depression in older adults. Ask your doctor for a referral.
The National Institute of Mental Health established a formal set of guidelines for diagnosing the depression in people with Alzheimer’s. Although the criteria are like general diagnostic standards for major depression, they reduce emphasis on verbal expression and include irritability and social isolation.
For a person to be diagnosed with depression in Alzheimer’s, he or she must have either depressed mood (sad, hopeless, discouraged, or tearful) or decreased pleasure in usual activities, along with two or more of the following symptoms for two weeks or longer:
• Social isolation or withdrawal
• Disruption in appetite that is not related to another medical condition
• Disruption in sleep
• Agitation or slowed behavior
• Irritability
• Fatigue or loss of energy
• Feelings of worthlessness or hopelessness, or inappropriate or excessive guilt
• Recurrent thoughts of death, suicide plans or a suicide attempt
Treating depression
Getting appropriate treatment for depression can significantly improve quality of life. The most common treatment for depression in Alzheimer’s involves a combination of medicine, counseling, and gradual reconnection to activities and people that bring happiness. Simply telling the person with Alzheimer’s to “cheer up,” “snap out of it” or “try harder” is seldom helpful. Depressed people with or without Alzheimer’s are rarely able to make themselves better by sheer will, or without lots of support, reassurance, and professional help.
Non-drug approaches
• Support groups can be very helpful, particularly an early-stage group for people with Alzheimer’s who are aware of their diagnosis and prefer to take an active role in seeking help or helping others; counseling is also an option, especially for those who aren’t comfortable in groups.
• Schedule a predictable daily routine, taking advantage of the person’s best time of day to undertake difficult tasks, such as bathing.
• Make a list of activities, people, or places that the person enjoys and schedule these things more frequently.
• Help the person exercise regularly, particularly in the morning.
• Acknowledge the person’s frustration or sadness, while continuing to express hope that he or she will feel better soon.
• Celebrate small successes and occasions.
• Find ways that the person can contribute to family life and be sure to recognize his or her contributions.
• Provide reassurance that the person is loved, respected, and appreciated as part of the family, and not just for what she or he can do now.
• Nurture the person with offers of favorite foods or soothing or inspirational activities.
• Reassure the person that he or she will not be abandoned.
Medication to treat depression in Alzheimer’s
There are several types of antidepressants available to treat depression. Antidepressants called Selective Serotonin Reuptake Inhibitors (SSRIs) are often used for people with Alzheimer’s and depression because they have a lower risk than some other antidepressants of causing interactions with other medications.
As with any medication, make sure to ask about risks and benefits, as well as what type of monitoring and follow-up will be needed.
By Richard J. Capiola, MD
239.649.7494
704 Goodlette Frank Road North, Suite 222
Naples, Florida 34102
